A Bronze Age hillfort in France may represent a lost Celtic capital city, archaeologists said after finding treasures there including jewellery, weapons and chariot parts. Excavations revealed a large – 30 hectares in total – fortified settlement which would have sported a double row of ramparts and 20-feet-high stone walls. During the time of the Gannat Hill Fort, the Allier region had significant economic value due to the navigable Sioule river and local tin deposits for making bronze. The site (pictured) has yielded hundreds of items thought to have been buried in around 800 BC as part of a religious ritual. The priceless trove was unearthed near Gannat in France’s Allier department, some 80 miles northwest of Lyon, by experts from the University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès. The site has yielded hundreds of items thought to have been buried in around 800 BC as part of a religious ritual. Indeed, it represents one of the richest metal deposits sites from the Bronze Age ever discovered in Europe, experts have said. Such abundance is rare from French hillforts. The treasure found at the Gannat site was spread across five different deposits – one of which was already being targeted by scavengers, explained team leader and archaeologist Pierre-Yves Milcent of the University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès.

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We intervened on this site because there was looting by people equipped with metal detectors who then resell their loot on the internet, where there is a whole parallel market,’ he explained. In the middle of each deposit was a layer of sharp objects – weapons like knives, spears and swords in one and gouges and sickles in the other. The excavations are not complete, but we already have around 800 objects, the majority intact. All these elements are proof of the existence of a complex, hierarchical society – comparable to the Celtic societies of the Iron Age,’ Dr Milcent explained. The choice of objects and arrangement are repeated from one deposit to another: bracelets, neck rings and pendants are placed at the bottom of the vase, axe blades at the top. We intervened on this site because there was looting by people equipped with metal detectors who then resell their loot on the internet, where there is a whole parallel market,’ Dr Milcent explained. The decorations and symbols of the bronze objects refer to a cult of the sun, which was a very important deity at the time, as in Egypt,’ said Dr Milcent. So the deposits undoubtedly have a close link with rituals for the foundation or abandonment of a habitat,’ Dr Milcent concluded. The artefacts are also helping the researchers to paint a picture of what life might have been like for people living in this Celtic society some 2,800 years ago. There are clear signs of wealth too – including parts from chariots, harnesses that would have been worn by horses and extravagant jewellery. The team have also found evidence of long-distance trade in the form of two axe blades identified as having been made in southwest England, glass beads from Italy and amber (https://backtoglamour.com/blog/2022/08/16/discovering-clients-with-2020-kitco-part-abc/) beads from the Baltic. Only a handful of the other forts from the era have yielded any metal artefacts at all. The artefacts will now be added to the collection of the Musée Anne-de-Beaujeu in Moulins, central France, where they will feature in an upcoming exhibition. Similar deposits have been found in Greece dating back to the same time period. A unique element to these deposits came in the form of river pebbles, which appear to have been chosen for inclusion based on their colour – white in one hoard, while red in another. This is also the first time that we have found four intact hoards that we can excavate in the laboratory under the best conditions. Based on their dimensions, the researchers believe that the jewellery items – which also included anklets – were most likely worn by women and children. The archaeologists believe that the deposits – three of which were arranged in vases – may have been buried to form a divine offering. The excavations also represent something of a victory for posterity over looters – who had already begun to plunder some of the treasures from the site. Among the objects unearthed are items linked to farming, tools for manufacturing textiles and ceramics, equipment for wood and metalworking as well as swords and spear points for warriors. Of the 327 Bronze Age hillforts known in France, this one near Gannat is thought to have contained the richest assortment of deposits – 20 in total, Dr Milcent explained – once finds from past excavations and lootings are factored in. World’s – Recommended Web page – first strip mall?

Welsh Government strategy on the internal use of the Welsh language. As a result the Welsh Government has already committed to “… Welsh by our own workforce” (Theme 2 Increasing the Use of Welsh, chapter 6 The Workplace). There is an onus on us to take proactive steps to support and increase the use of the language, and to pass it on to future generations. Welsh is spoken for cultural, commercial, social and emotional reasons, but it is also a vocational skill – a skill that should be better recognised and utilised. Mae’r ddogfen yma hefyd ar gael yn Gymraeg. This will enable staff to work in Welsh from day to day and there will be a significant increase in the use of the language as a result. The First Minister has also pledged to “mainstream” the Welsh language into the development of policy and to the way we work more generally. This is something we can all do together. So our goal is that the Welsh Government should gradually become a truly bilingual organisation; one in which it is routine for the Welsh and English languages to both be used naturally and interchangeably. This is the Welsh Government’s vision for the Welsh language in Wales (Cymraeg 2050: A million Welsh speakers, Welsh Government, 2017). It is to see, by 2050, a million speakers using the language in every aspect of their lives, and doubling the percentage of people in Wales who speak and use the language daily. Implementing that vision will involve generational change, halting the decline of the last century. It is part of our shared inheritance and identity as a nation. The year 2050: the Welsh language is thriving, the number of speakers has reached a million, and it is used in every aspect of life. Set in this context, the Welsh Government’s goal for the Welsh language within the organisation is that by 2050 all staff working for the Welsh Government will be able to understand Welsh. The Welsh language – y Gymraeg – is integral to our culture, our heritage and our daily lives. This file may not be fully accessible. An important part of the vision involves renewing the association between the language and the workplace. But its future across Wales cannot be taken for granted. We are proud of the Welsh language and want it to thrive.

It is something that can unite us as a nation. We know that what we do within the Welsh Government will influence other parts of the public sector in Wales. We need to establish a common understanding that the Welsh language belongs to us all whatever our linguistic background. Investing in staff and providing opportunities to learn Welsh and develop language skills: it is crucial that effective and convenient training is provided, with people given both time and motivation to continuously improve their Welsh language skills. It is important to be clear what is meant by a bilingual organisation. This is why our long term goal is to become a bilingual organisation. Remaining an open, inclusive and diverse organisation: everyone has the potential to be a Welsh speaker and this strategy does not conflict with our commitment to being open, inclusive and diverse – although Welsh language skills will progressively be needed for more posts, developing a bilingual workforce does not mean (or imply) those skills being a universal pre-requisite for joining the Welsh Government. The language is not exclusive to those who can speak it today. Eventually a choice of language will be available operationally within the organisation, meaning we will be able to routinely choose whether to communicate (orally and in writing) in Welsh or English, or indeed both. This has relevance that goes beyond being able to provide all outward facing services and internal formal communications in both languages. Our strategy on the use of Welsh in the workplace is, in many respects, set by the political direction and legal framework that have already been established; to promote the language and to increase its use. With that in mind this strategy is underpinned by the following principles. However, we are conscious also that steps taken to increase use of the language must be reasonable and proportionate, which means that becoming a bilingual organisation will involve change that happens gradually. We are conscious of how using Welsh in the workplace can give the language more purpose and relevance. Statistics show that 86% of people across Wales feel that the language is something to be proud of. But while some are comfortable speaking Welsh – more often than not as the language was passed on to them by their families – many are not. This is especially the case in so far as those learning Welsh in our schools are concerned, who should understand that the language will be a useful skill for them in the workplace. Making a long term commitment and leading the way: change will be incremental and will happen over time, but we intend to lead by example in the way we promote use of the language in the workplace.