The halogens are a group of elements on the periodic table. The word halogen means “salt-producing,” because halogens react with metals to produce many important salts. They can be found toward the right-hand side of the table, in a vertical line. The element group is a particular class of nonmetals. It is the only element group that includes elements capable of existing in three of the four main states of matter at room temperature: solid, liquid, and gas. Even so, it will share some common properties with the other elements in its group. As a group, halogens exhibit highly variable physical properties. Although element 117 is in Group VIIA, scientists predict it may behave more like a metalloid than a halogen. These reactive nonmetals have seven valence electrons. There are either five or six halogen elements, depending on how strictly you define the group. In fact, halogens are so reactive that they do not occur as free elements in nature. Many, however, are common in combination with other elements Here is a look at the identity of these elements, their location on the periodic table, and their common properties. The halogens are located in Group VIIA of the periodic table, or group 17 using IUPAC nomenclature.

Because they are so reactive, elemental halogens are toxic and potentially lethal.

Halogens range from solid (I2) to liquid (Br2) to gaseous (F2 and Cl2) at room temperature. Halogens react with metals to form salts. The halogens are also used in lamps and refrigerants. It is expected that element 117 will also be a solid under ordinary conditions. Halogens are the most reactive nonmetals. The boiling point increases moving down the group because the Van der Waals force is greater with increases size and atomic mass. Because they are so reactive, elemental halogens are toxic and potentially lethal. The chemical properties are more uniform. The chlorine ion, usually obtained from table salt (NaCl) is essential for human life. Fluorine, in the form of fluoride, is used to help prevent tooth decay. As pure elements, they form diatomic molecules with atoms joined by nonpolar covalent bonds. They have very high electronegativities. The halogens have very high electronegativities. They have seven valence electrons (one short of a stable octet). Chlorine bleach and iodine tincture are two well-known examples. Fluorine and chlorine are gases, while bromine is a liquid and iodine and astatine are solids. The state of matter at STP changes as you move down the group. The high reactivity makes halogens excellent disinfectants. Toxicity decreases with heavier halogens until you get to astatine, which is dangerous because of its radioactivity. Fluorine has the highest electronegativity of all elements. Organobromine compounds-also referred to as the organobromides-are used as flame retardants. They are highly reactive, especially with alkali metals and alkaline earths. The halogens are particularly reactive with the alkali metals and alkaline earths, forming stable ionic crystals.

Whether you want to splash the cash on jewellery or furniture, we have everything covered.

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British jeweler and designer Theo Fennell.

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