How do you study a gas that does not exist as such in nature? How do you study a gas that does not exist as such in nature? The elements of Group VIIA (new Group 17 – fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine) are called the halogens (yellow column). Astatine is so rare that its properties are mostly unknown. It’s not as easy as you think. Fluorine is so reactive that we cannot find it free in nature. The Group I (red) and Group II (tan) elements can easily lose electrons during a reaction. Elements of other groups are much more likely to accept electrons as they react. None of the halogens exist free in nature (unlike some of the metals such as gold and silver) because they are very reactive. The term “halogen” means “salt-former” because these elements will readily react with alkali metal and alkaline earth metals to form halide salts. As elements, chlorine and fluorine are gases at room temperature, bromine is a dark orange liquid, and iodine is a dark purple-gray solid. Some elements are much more reactive than others. The video below shows how violently elemental fluorine reacts with other materials.

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In the picture below we see chlorine gas on the left (green), bromine solid and vapor in the middle (orange), and solid iodine (grey) on the right. This second video discusses the properties of halogens and shows a few more reactions they can participate in. Chlorine is found in table salt, in the oceans (which are about 2% chloride ion by weight) and in lakes such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah. This first video is of bromine reacting with aluminum. For each, write the name, chemical symbol, and atomic weight. Small amounts of bromide and iodide salts can be found in the oceans and in brine wells in several states. Fluorine is found in combination with cations in several minerals. The halogens all have seven electrons in their outer shells. As the atomic number increases, the reactivity of the halogens decreases. Fluorine and chlorine exist as gases at room temperature, while bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid. Fluorine is not shown in the picture below because it is too corrosive and will destroy the glass container. 1. Pick two elements that are halogens. None of these elements are found free in nature because of their reactivity.

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