Gemstone beads are spectacularly beautiful pieces of art and design. Freshwater pearl beads are desired exceptionally by those who appreciate quality. Exclusive, artistic jewelry created with refined, freshwater pearls can be quite magnificent. Pear shaped beads are known as briolettes and are generally dangled at the end of earrings as danglers or at the edge of intricate necklaces. These beads are made from genuine gemstones, but in a way that lets one hook the stones to diverse objects, like twine, metal and wood. Many young girls are fond of wearing accessories and pendants made of cute gemstones. When paired with them, freshwater pearls take on a completely different shade and appear more radiant, even within the same necklace or chain. They have the ultimate power of highlighting the splendor and elegance of the wearers, notwithstanding their age. All gemstones may not be hard enough to be carved, but there are sundry selections available. Every woman would love to pair beautiful pearl necklaces, bracelets and earrings with sparklers, crystals, pure silver and semi-precious gemstones. One can find classic and vintage styles, fashionable styles and much more. They are available in designs of all kinds from typical strands to ultra-modern, employing the countless shapes, sizes and color differentiation of pearls. They look just wonderful and are totally adorable. Nothing can match the awe-inspiring enigma of freshwater pearl beads. One way of making the gemstone stand apart is by having it carved. One can have the gemstone beads faceted, tumbled or polished. The gemstone beads can make brilliant gifts to friends and family members. Artists also try to augment the piece more with wire wrapping, elaborate it with sterling silver clasps or probably with gold-filled charms. It makes them look lovely and very pretty. Different colors, shapes, sizes, patterns, materials and designs are available. They can go with anything, from casual evenings to formal ones. Intricate designs of flora, fauna, deities and abstract art are imprinted into the gemstone, making it very unique. They can be made by people in love with craft and designing who like to make their own jewelry. Classic and vintage styled beads make people look very beautiful and stylish. Fashionably styled beads are worn by many flashy people who like to be the center of attraction. If one is searching for a more natural look, beautiful cabochon beads should be selected. They have the specialty of having the natural shape of the stone polished to a smooth and lustrous finish.

The concentration of the salts to prepare the brines may be from about 0.5% by weight of water up to near saturation for a given salt in fresh water, such as 10%, 20%, 30% and higher percent salt by weight of water. In the case where the carrier fluid is an acidizing fluid, it also contains an acid. In one embodiment, a fines control agent, which includes a mixture of a coating agent and the dual-function nanoparticles, may at least partially coat a proppant (or other suitable carrier particle) to fixate formation fines within a proppant pack or other porous media, or inhibit or prevent fines from migrating or moving within the subterranean formation. In these non-restrictive examples, if the proppant pack or gravel pack fails, the carrier particles together with the dual-function nanoparticles may flow back into the wellbore. In hydraulic fracturing applications, propping agents, or proppants are typically added to the base fluid. These solids may also be used in a fluid loss control application. In the case where the carrier fluid is also a gravel pack fluid, the fluid also contains gravel consistent with industry practice. In a non-limiting version, dual-function nanoparticles may be coated on carrier particles such as a proppant or sand. While the fluids herein are sometimes described typically herein as having use in fracturing fluids, it is expected that they will find utility in gravel pack fluids, displacement fluids and the like. The propping agents are normally used in concentrations between about 1 to 14 pounds per gallon (120-1700 kg/m3) of fracturing fluid composition, but higher or lower concentrations may be used as the fracture design requires. These dual function, nano-particle carrier particles may be any particulate matter suitable for its intended purpose, for example as a screen or proppant, etc. Suitable materials include, but are not necessarily limited to sand (e.g. quartz sand grains), sintered bauxite, bauxite grains, walnut shell fragments, aluminum pellets, nylon pellets, sized calcium carbonate, other sized salts, glass and/or ceramic beads, and the like, and combinations thereof. The brine may be a combination of one or more of the mentioned salts, such as a brine prepared using NaCl and CaCl2 or NaCl, CaCl2, and CaBr2 as non-limiting examples. In another non-limiting embodiment, if gravel is at least partially coated with the fines control agent then the formation fines may be fixated within the gravel pack, or they may be inhibited from migrating or moving within the subterranean formation. In a non-limiting embodiment, the proppant particles may be 20/40 mesh ceramic proppants. In addition to proppant, dual-function nanoparticles may be carried by or disposed on gravel, solid particles, or the like. The proppant may carry or have disposed thereon dual function nanoparticles.

Reduced oil layer thickness may enhance dual-function nanoparticle exposure on proppant particles.

It is expected that at least a portion of carrier particles such as proppant may be “pre-coated” with the fines control agent; for instance, a select portion of the proppant may be pre-coated before the job. Specific, non-limiting examples of suitable mineral oils include ConocoPhillips Pure Performance Base Oil, such as 225N and 600N oils. How much coating of the carrier particles that occurs is concentration dependant, based on both the amount of carrier particles used and the amount of fines control product used. As a non-restrictive example, pre-coating may be performed at the manufacturing site of the dry proppant or elsewhere. Suitable coating agents include, but are not necessarily limited to, mineral oil or other suitable hydrocarbon. Other agents besides Span 80 may be employed to optimize the oil coating or wetting on proppant particles, agents such as: sorbitan esters, ethoxylated sorbitan esters, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkyl-phenols, alkyl-dicarboxylics, sulfosuccinates, phospholipids, alkyl-amines, quaternary amines, alkyl-siloxanes, and the like. In some embodiments, a fines control agent may include dual-function nanoparticles in the coating agent oil, for instance about 15 wt % nano-sized, tagged MgO particles in the 600N mineral oil. In another non-limiting embodiment, the fines control agent may be coated on proppant or sand during placement downhole. In a non-limiting example the fines control product may additionally have a surfactant present, such as an oil-wetting surfactant like sorbitan monooleate (i.e. Span 80 from Uniqema), to improve and/or enhance the oil-wetting of the proppant particles by the fines control product. Reduced oil layer thickness may enhance dual-function nanoparticle exposure on proppant particles. In one non-restrictive version, the fines control agent may be possibly sprayed onto the dry proppant (or other carrier particles) before the proppant is placed in an aqueous treatment fluid. In addition to one or more embodiments of dual-function nanoparticles, the fines control agent may also include a coating agent. In another non-limiting example the presence of a surfactant may preferentially reduce the thickness of the 600N mineral oil layer on proppant particles. This type of fines control product may be added to an aqueous base fluid in a relatively small amount, in one non-limiting embodiment, from about 5 to about 100 gallons per thousand gallons (gptg).

It is not necessary that a resin be used as a coating agent or binder, and in one non-limiting embodiment, no resin is used. In the foregoing specification, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. For example, specific combinations of alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, transition metal oxides, transition metal hydroxides, post-transition metal oxides, post-transition metal hydroxides, piezoelectric crystals, and pyroelectric crystals, of various sizes; brines; base fluids; proppants (sand, ceramic or glass beads, gravel); coating agents (oils); taggants (including specific combinations of taggants and taggant-primary component combinations) and other components falling within the claimed parameters, but not specifically identified or tried in a particular composition or method, are anticipated to be within the scope of this invention. Additionally, the surface of the proppant, or a select amount of proppant, may be treated with agents that may improve the overall attraction of the dual-function nanoparticles to proppant or other carrier particles. The present invention may suitably comprise, consist or consist essentially of the elements disclosed and may be practiced in the absence of an element not disclosed. It is theorized that the dual-function nanoparticles remain on the proppant particles primarily by electrostatic and other charges between the nanoparticle and proppant particle surfaces, however, other attractions or coupling forces may exist to initially and over the long-term keep the nanoparticles coated on the proppant particles. Accordingly, the specification is to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. In each of these examples, the drilling fluid may contain conventional additives. It is suspected that in most conditions the oil carrier fluid only assists the initial coating process of the dual-function nanoparticles onto the proppant particles. The inventors, however, do not want to be limited to any particular theory. Other agents, however, may be added to the oil carrier fluid to further enhance initial and/or long-term nanoparticle attraction to particles including, without limitation, quartz, glass, ceramic and other materials known in the proppant art. Second, a high molecular weight mineral oil coating agent may not disturb the fluid properties of an aqueous fluid containing a polymer gelling agent or a VES gelling agent, and thus it may be ideal for depositing the dual-function nanoparticles onto the proppant without disturbing aqueous fluid properties. It is believed that the most stable configuration for the fines control agent once placed in an aqueous treatment fluid is to “plate out” or coat or at least partially coat the carrier particles. Alternatively, the drilling fluid may consist of or consist essentially of the base fluid, the nanoparticles and a surfactant, as further defined in the claims. First, mineral oil and like substances may have an affinity to coat carrier particles such as proppant particles as contrasted with remaining as oil droplets containing dual-function nanoparticles as a phase internal to the water-based fluid. For instance, the coated carrier particles may consist of or consist essentially of the carrier particles, nanoparticles and a taggant, as further defined in the claims. Mineral oil may be a particularly suitable coating agent for at least two reasons.